Friday 31 May 2013

Love is Communication-3

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RacismWe saw in the second part of this mini-series on communication how reaching out to the distant corners of the world and embracing different cultures had given Britain a great empire, while conversely, in the first post, we saw how British politics in the 21st Century has used immigration as a stick with which to beat racial fear into an impoverished society. Arguably this ends up making a society even more impoverished - whilst simultaneously highlighting our discriminatory stereotypes about race.

This isn't about defending political correctness, in fact this is political correctness gone too far. This seems to be the latest incarnation of political correctness - the ugly attitude that some humans are more valuable than others. The corollary that follows from making one kind of person more valuable is that people who are not in that group are less valuable. With all the concern for more courteous discourse in the world, I would think that making some people less valuable than others would be a problem. It communicates that some people are somehow "more" human than others.

Our floccinaucinihilipilification of where this all might lead is readily apparent. It creates a physical strabismus in our world perspective; we begin to see the world in skewed terms. Communicated via the news events and political machinations of the day we are now filled with an irrational fear against people that look "different" than us, or act or speak or communicate in ways not similar to our own. If the nature of communication is to generate social contact, and through this an understanding of the object we reach out to, then this fear of difference, and our growing intolerance of it, is a form of regression - and the communication gap is widening. As the communication divide widens between groups of people, so our troubles will begin to grow - as evidenced by the news headlines that reach us at home and around the world.

News is a great form of communication, and regular readers will know that I like getting my early morning "news fix". Some will say it's an easy way to invite undue negativity into the start of your day - and when I look at recent headlines, I can see the value of that argument. However, burying our heads in the sand isn't being positive, that's being unrealistic. We need a positiveness grounded in reality, so that we can learn to bravely face our challenges head on.

Read why you shouldn't avoid reality.

And if the news headlines are anything to go by, we have a lot of challenges to deal with, at the start of a century we thought would have been very different than the picture portrayed by recent news events. If you use a Firefox browser by Mozilla it has a "Latest News Headlines" bookmark app, which is linked to BBC News Online in the United Kingdom. It is very useful, because at the click of a button you are provided with a list of current headlines that communicates the flavour of the day.

BBC News Online front page
And what do I see when I look at these headlines? It reads like a modern day horror story. Soldiers are murdered and injured on the streets of their country they have lived for fighting by individuals that want to hog the spotlight in some perverted way, and meanwhile it is the innocent race of people they happen to be associated with that suffer the inevitable backlash from a lynch-mob mentality - which uses any excuse in turn to promote their own brand of hate.

Point being, following the senseless killing of British soldier Lee Rigby on his home streets by a black Muslim convert, a violent and racist group known as the English defence League (EDL) have used the memory of the fallen soldier to gather more people for their Nazi-like marches. Corrupting such a sad loss for your own evil purposes is as sickening as the people that killed the soldier; it communicates that nothing is sacred, neither life nor its memory.

In the aftermath of this latest murder, some politicians in Britain have called for unity and a resistance to fear, of the kind that can snowball into something larger than any community can handle. Because the people that did this, and those others than use it as an opportunity to promote more fear, do it to try and divide us, and these divides seem to be growing. The divides between rich and poor, East and West are getting ever wider. The East-West divide is not a product of modern times, however; the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine the Great, cemented this division.

Constantine used his supreme power to initiate a religious revolution that would put global history on a new direction. The remarkable result was a Christian Roman Empire, journeying from its long pagan traditions to its Christian future, with his mother Helena, becoming one of the most celebrated saints of the early Church. It's believed that it was his mother who converted Constantine to Christianity, whose actions whilst emperor in the late antique, medieval Christian world would fix the division of the Roman Empire into two parts, effectively splitting it into East and West.

The previous emperor had divided the empire as it had grown too large for single governance by Rome - Constantine decided to relegate Rome's position as the capital city and built a new imperial residence at Byzantium, naming it New Rome - although the people called it Constantinople in his honour. Because of this he is considered to be the founder of what would become the Byzantium Empire, which eventually lead to the medieval schism of Christianity into its Eastern and Western branches.

Thus began centuries-long communication problems between a conceptual "East-West" divide, which, embedded into the global psyche, has firmly taken hold today to symbolise rifts between other ideologies and cultures. This is especially true in the West's adoption of the ethnocentrism and xenophobia that permeated the ancient Greek social structure, and assimilated by the Romans.

Although there was little in terms of unity between the various poleis in Greece, the Greeks were united in their condescension of other ethnicities and anything non-Greek. Throughout Greek antiquity there was always an emphasis on this distinction between Greeks and non-Greeks or "barbarians", and they used it as an excuse for their genocidal behaviour towards other races. This xenophobic snobbery has remained in Western culture, and we now attach it to the modern "East-West" divide.

Today we describe xenophobia as a very human but irrational or unreasoned fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange - which sometimes makes us do inhuman things. And as the gaps between the groups grow ever wider, it illustrates how, at the risk of oversimplifying, a lack of communication between different members of society causes visible integration problems. Sweden has had its international image of fair treatment towards minorities destroyed by the pattern of violence that has wracked the Swedish capital Stockholm for five nights - sharing similarities with those riots in London two years ago and in Paris in 2005.

In 2013, meanwhile, as the Middle East becomes more and more fractured into ever increasing smaller pockets of intense unrest from internal struggles, it seems we are playing out similar struggles within our own societies and personal relationships. Again not to simplify serious issues, but at the core it's all about a breakdown in healthy communication, and so we see the news littered with reports about husbands butchering wives that want to separate, or how violent pornography has become the social landscape for our children thanks to its easy access on the internet. It all illustrates that we need better education. We need to be better educated on communication.

Communication should not be about obfuscation or pushing division, it should be about clarity and a vehicle for unity. For example, I have on purpose used a few words in this article which are known to be rare in genuine use - and what do these words do when we encounter them They make us stop. They may make us think, and search for meaning when used correctly, but used fallaciously, they can hinder understanding.

We are what we communicate

If we lack understanding, for others and of ourselves, then we are going to bump up against a whole array of problems in life. We grow through understanding, and the more we grow, the better we can communicate. I was watching the BBC documentary "David Bowie - Five Years" the other evening, an intimate portrait of five key years in David Bowie's career. As it is well before my time, I was interested to see how Bowie's time had been instrumental in making him so iconic and influential in music.

One segment of the documentary was particularly revealing when it showed how Bowie brought together diverse elements in technology and musicianship to create something you wouldn't have had with either on their own. Guitar maestro Carlos Alomar on working with Brian Eno, a musician who experimented with ambient music styles, had this to say about working in such different conditions than he was used to for a Bowie album:

Some of it worked, and some of didn't, but quite honestly it did take me out of my comfort zone, and it did make me leave my frustration at what I was doing and totally look at it from another point of view, and although I didn't like the point of view, when I came back, I was fresh.

Thus, we may not like another's point of view, we may not like being forced to look at something differently, it can open up new doors of perception. And if things are not working, then we need to search for new ways to look at things. With the murder of off-duty soldier Lee Rigby, a top level taskforce is to be set up to "look again" at the British government's strategy for dealing with radicalisation and extremism. It will be interesting to see how this decade will influence the next - as each generation inevitably does.

Bowie's documentary also made the point about the sixties had given way to the darker era of the seventies, in which Bowie had started to make it big, because of the "sex without consequence" mentality that had been sown. Indeed, Britain has been rocked by numerous sexual allegations against seventies celebrities in a police investigation known as Operation Yewtree into alleged sexual abuse, predominantly the abuse of children, by British media personalities of the period.

Likewise, with extremism on the rise, governments and their intelligence agencies naturally wishing to combat this for the purposes of national security will need to look into how best to monitor the public. Following the murder, there are suggestions the Communications Data Bill could be revived - dubbed a "snoopers' charter" by critics - which would allow the monitoring of all UK citizens' internet use. It doesn't take a huge leap of the imagine to see a dystopia Big Brother future where our every move is logged and recorded for our own safety, and that we begin to live in an ever more uncommunicative society so as to protect us from ourselves.

Adele
People paid their respects to Drummer Rigby in Middleton, his home town/BBC
The killing of Drummer Lee Rigby has posed a series of questions for the government to grapple with. The central one is about what more, if anything, can ministers do to reduce the likelihood of other similar attacks? And what about the children who are living through these events? How are these situations being communicated to them? Are they being bred with the fear of the grown-ups they see around them, to cement the divides we see beginning to emerge today for generations to come? Will we allow a break down in communication between people to create the necessary culture that allows hatred to hijack the senseless loss of good people?

Because if we teach children that one group is off-limits (they are white so they are better than dark skinned people), does that send a message that anyone not in that group is fair game? It could be possible that the youth of today would be better served by the simple idea, consistently enforced, that all people are of equal value. This is why I mention at the start of this article that this is really political correctness gone mad.

On the flip side of the coin, we shouldn't focus, for example, on "Muslim" bullying, either - we should say that bullying anyone will not be tolerated, whatever the reason behind it. It would certainly save time in the classroom, time that could be put to use teaching children to read and write and do arithmetic, and to educate them on how to use the internet safely. And it would give them a rule that is a lot easier to remember than trying to keep track of all the "special" groups they are supposed to be extra-sensitive to.

I often think of an article I read a number of years ago, written by a blind woman whose name I do not remember. What I do recall, vividly, is her musing about how she was born blind, then she was called handicapped, then disabled, and finally visually challenged, yet no matter what term was used to describe her condition, she still couldn't see. My own view is that society is disabled towards such individuals because of the need to categorise them, but does language really control our thought to this extent? Or is it possible that we've tried to control our language to the point where it's difficult to think?

This was what George Orwell's Big Brother idea from his novel "1984" was about after all, and rather than a warning of some dark future, some even call it a manual of for totalitarian rule. De-construct language so it's impossible to express dissenting opinions, alter the history books, remove civil liberties, do not educate the masses, and above all, make the public think you are always watching them.

It may be that without the government having to lay down stringent laws over how our every moved is to be followed, we can learn to be kind towards one another without having to walk on eggshells, and that we can foster intelligent discussion without being worried that every word is being weighed and measured on a scale that could only make sense to a listener who is looking for trouble.

And what is the real role of government in trying to police our safety? If the first role of government is to protect its people and afford them their rights (over securing the Treasury coffers), why has this Conservative government's focus been on measures over controlling the rights of legal migrant workers, the benefits system, and scrapping widows pensions for foreigners living abroad - while leaving out issues such as extending marriage for everyone, alcohol pricing and monitoring web use, which have been classed as a distraction from fixing the economy?

Critics say economical growth isn't about reducing the deficit, it's about commitments to boosting employment and tax reforms, to the environment and clean energies, to promoting people-friendly banking reforms, to welcoming people from across the world to help bolster our institutions, to strengthen laws on equal human rights and public safety and protecting existing freedoms. These aren't distractions from the deficit, these are important priorities that once dealt with will see a reduction in Britain's deficit as a direct result. One flows from the other.

After all isn't it how we communicate issues to the public that causes their reaction? If you preach political hatred, then you manufacture opinions based on that and can tell the public they share in your opinion, because it is really their opinion. Likewise with political policy on extending marriage rights for everyone in England, labelling this simply as "gay" marriage communicates a misrepresentation that somehow the LGBT community are a "special" group that are being awarded special rights. This is how opposing "hate groups" spring up, thinking that their way of life is somehow under threat.

Clearly this is not so, the laws are simply being updated to give every law abiding, consenting adult equal enjoyment under the law and to their rights within it. But it is easier to make sensationalist accusations, and rouse fear in people, because it is the quickest way to rally a majority towards your way of thinking - and fringe hard right-wing political parties have managed to do just that. Because when you make people afraid, they don't stop to think for themselves.

It's the sheep herd and sheepdog mentality, and if we give in to this - with one group vying to dominate another as lambs to the slaughter - then we shall start communicating with each other merely via a series of barks and whistles, instead of as empathic beings trying to connect with other souls to nurture understanding and find a solution to our modern day challenges.

When we create divisions and place ourselves in distant group, we cut off lines of communication needed to facilitate life. This isn't just about communication with the language of body and words, but with just about anything. Communication if positive has immeasurable benefits, while negative communication can harm us in untold ways.

The wrong communication between the public and damaging political policies to do with reforms - especially over the care and protection of our children - could have devastating consequences for generations to come. One mistake, one miscommunication, is sometimes all it takes, some believe, for our whole world to collapse.

An "end transmission" society?

Scaremongering is easy. Fear is primal, and it is easy to communicate, especially through every screen in our pockets and our living rooms, via the latest gadgets. Images from the world's news media invade our mind of a world that seems to be teetering on the edge. Society seems out of control. Can it be rehabilitated, or should we just pull the plug?

Because society will not prosper if we allow extremism of any kind to get a strong foothold in British society. I do not want to live in a society envisioned by Nazi-like groups such as the EDL, a group which makes me ashamed to be British, and the news that armed forces charity Help for Heroes announced it will not accept donations from the far-right EDL to prohibit them from "hijacking" the death of Drummer Rigby for their own political ends is a very welcome one. It communicates the right message.

But let's say we did create a society as the EDL wished - let's send all the immigrants out of Britain, what then? Shall we send every person with dark skin out of the country, too?

And what about the thousands of mixed families and their bi-racial (what a horrible term) children? Children are children, no matter what race they are, they need loving parents - so who will decide who stays and who shall go? And what about all those people of different colours that have lived all their lives in this country, worked for it, fought for it, laid down their lives for it - shall we simply show them the door to Calais?

And then when we have successfully whitewashed Britain, and its environs, of all races other than the stereotypical Aryan ones kept in the feverish minds of the racist, who shall do the work we find so demeaning? Who will work for Britain? Who will run the restaurants, or add that delicious difference multiculturalism has brought to British society and made it the envy of the world? And after we have whitewashed the people, what comes next? Our cuisine, our innovations, our language?

Or let's say that such a society is clearly a step too far for even the most dense of racist minds to fathom, what will they want instead? Rather than a quick send-off, will they prefer a gradual extermination of those they think would destroy their way of life? Shall we be generous and allow people of different colours and nationalities to stay in this "green and pleasant land", and simply "put them in their place" instead? Allow them lesser freedoms, give them only the most menial jobs, segregate them from public life, put their children into workhouses instead of schools.

Have I gone too far into the realms of fantasy? I think not. Only half a century ago this was happening in Nazi Germany. My recent ancestors fought to put a stop to such a society ever finding a home in Britain, and now some British people are seemingly ready to welcome a society that so many lost their lives to prevent in the Second World War.

Have we really, in over fifty years or more, still not learnt a single thing? Not just in terms of the cost of human life, and how we all belong to the same human race, but in terms of how we perceive and communicate with our world. For instance, how many of us are aware that in the Northeast Pacific, between California and Hawaii, human-produced waste which is dumped into the ocean is routed by ocean currents to a new "continent" of plastic flotsam accumulates, one almost 3.5 million km² in size?

According to observations made over more than 15 years by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, under the effect of the ocean currents, the garbage coming from coastlines and ships floats for years before concentrating to form the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", a monster the size of which is calculated to have tripled since the nineties, and which now spreads over the equivalent of one third of the surface of Europe.

Just like a mighty ocean syphon, the vortex attracts all the residues of our over-consuming society. However, unlike in a syphon, the plastic waste (durable against quick degradation by micro-organisms) is neither sucked in nor destroyed; rather, it accumulates and remains very visible. Plastic now accounts for 90% of floating waste in the ocean. Back in June of 2006, the United Nations Environment Programme said that, on average, 46,000 pieces of plastic could be found in every 2.5 km² of ocean, down to a depth of 30 metres or so. Later the same year, Greenpeace claimed there were close to one million pieces of garbage per km² in its report on plastic waste and ocean pollution.

In some areas, there is up to ten times more plastic in seawater than plankton, an elementary link in the oceans' chain of life. This plastic soup of macro garbage is known as "plastic plankton". According to Greenpeace, almost 10% of the nearly 100 million tons of plastic produced each year ends up in the ocean. The problem is the time needed for these plastics to degrade (which is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 years) and the toxicity of their component elements. The most classic example is the turtle that chokes on plastic bags it mistakes for jellyfish.

With such high concentrations of plastic, the entire food chain is affected, since the smallest pieces are ingested by birds or small fish which, in turn, will be eaten by bigger ones… Thus, Greenpeace estimates that, around the world, approximately 1 million birds and 100,000 sea mammals die each year from ingesting plastic. According to US scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one out of every ten fish ingests plastic in the North Pacific, i.e. fish consume 24,000 tons of plastics each year in this area. This is fish we catch and consume ourselves.

All in all, some 267 marine species might be affected by this huge amount of garbage, according to the Greenpeace report. Rebecca Asch, a researcher at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, says that:

...most pieces of plastic in this area are very small. The waste has been broken down by sunlight sun and ocean currents. So we're not talking about plastic bags or bottles. These are small pieces of plastic about the size of confetti. In fact, they're the same size as the plankton fish feed upon. That's why they eat the plastic, because they confuse it with plankton.

Once more, overconsumption is the origin behind a breakdown so extensive that it defies fiction. And all of today's "green" campaigns seem unable to change anything. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen above 400 parts per million for the first time in human history, US researchers say, while the process of contamination is so extensive, it has even turned up in the manufacture of our clothes. In one such instance, a clothing store recalled a batch of metal studded belts that were found to be radioactive. A report found that a black peplum belt sold by Asos could cause injury if worn for more than 500 hours. The report said that none of the belts were suitable for public use or possession, adding:

Unfortunately, this incident is quite a common occurrence. India and the far east are large consumers of scrap metal for their home and foreign markets. During the refining process of these metals, orphaned radioactive sources are sometimes accidentally melted at the same time. This in turn [contaminates the process] and traps the radioactivity in the metal as an alloy or in suspension.

Still we continue to contaminate and consume at dangerous levels, despite certain obvious signs. Society can't do a thing because no one can slow down generations brought up on greed. However much we may have, we want ten times more. There are no more limits. Seemingly oblivious, we still guzzle gas and place money over ethics, as we inflate our egos in imitation of even greater ones - allowing racist political leaders to rise in popularity on the back of preaching their politics of hate.

Consequently we think, if people with such destructive views are gaining popularity, then the fear and hate they preach must be real. And so the mob gathers in size and strength. Pretty soon, like warring religious groups have done with the notion of God, warring groups of people will do the same in blurring the truth that we are all from one species. Spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle has said that religions "have become so overlaid with extraneous matter that their spiritual substance has become almost completely obscured", that they have become "to a large extent divisive rather than unifying forces" and become "themselves part of the insanity".

In his books, Tolle writes that the most significant thing that can happen to a human being is the separation process of thinking and awareness, and that awareness is "the space in which thoughts exist". Tolle believes that the primary cause of unhappiness is never the situation but your thoughts about it - and thus how we communicate it to ourselves and the outer world. But can we ever completely guard against the evil of which we are all capable?

It could be argued that the rising of Islamic extremism is a case of the "worm that turned" - we continue to make tributes to 3,000 lives tragically lost when they are perceived as "white and Christian", but what about the lives slaughtered in the name of Christianity over the centuries? We often forget how the Conquistadors slaughtered the indigenous populations they met, and how Christianity - the white man's burden - spread like wildfire through Africa. Where are the names written of all the slaves treated like cattle throughout the centuries?

It is too easy an excuse to say, "that was then, this is now" because all is now, what happened then is connected and communicates to the power of now, and unless we deal with it, it won't let us go. We must focus on the present, but if we don't make peace with the past, then we will not have communicated to ourselves or the universe that indeed the past is over.

Hatred helps to continue such a stranglehold, only forgiveness can set us free, because it communicates that what once happened is truly over, and we can move on. As a society we are still struggling to allow people to freely express their sexuality, inherited from birth. Groups continue to rage against extending legal marriage ceremonies to all loving relationships, because of the word "gay".

But a word is just a word, what matters is the history that has helped us attach meaning to it, to give it weight. Still, we worry about sensitivity issues and making value judgements because we have come to laden words with meanings well beyond the scope of their intention. Racist words become hurtful not because of the word itself, but because of the way we have communicated it throughout the years. Female words, or words that suggest femininity, in the same way, have been looked down upon in patriarchal societies. Where we conjure up the true divine when we use the word "God", many of us think less when we read the word "Goddess".

It harks back to how society has treated women abominably in the past - a prime example being single mothers who were locked up to live in the old asylums of Britain's mental health system, because they had sex outside of wedlock and was deemed an outcast of society. While thankfully today that is no longer the case in Britain, a woman is still too often seen as an object rather than a subject. On this point, TV veteran David Dimbleby criticised television broadcasters for demeaning older women by discriminating against them because of their age, and effectively banishing them from the smaller screen.

Read about the fantasy of TV.

The fantasy of television is that sometimes what we communicate on TV reflects us, other times it doesn't. The BBC has hit back at accusations that "Doctor Who" is "thunderingly racist", insisting the sci-fi show has a "strong track record of diverse casting" - but the lack of ethnic diversity we see on the screen is rarely what we see on the street.

Moreover, recent criticisms made against crime dramas is the glorifying of violence against women by making it sexy, something the BBC seems really keen on doing in many of it's dramas, such as "Ripper Street" and "The Fall". Many will say that American TV drama "Sex and the City" accomplished a lot for the portrayal of women, but one of its key actresses has confessed to being ashamed at its confluence of conspicuous consumption and love.

Are all single women just superficial, sex-mad and lonely, lusting after the most eligible bachelors as in "Sex and the City"? Or worse do women still use their body and their sexual relations to achieve subsidiary power, reinforcing the stereotype that women have only had this type of illicit power in patriarchal societies?

Certainly women have been "unsung heroes" and kept "behind the scenes" down the ages, so they have had to use whatever methods were available. However, sexual freedom today shouldn't mean using sex as a weapon, but freeing sex from becoming a weapon. Entertainer Madonna in her eighties music video "Express Yourself" was suggesting that "pussy rules the world", but is it right for an empowered woman to suggest that the power of a woman should be in her female genitalia? Rather than reinforcing the image of the "shameless woman", the power of sexual freedom should mean a woman can be seen as more than just her sexual organs.

Naturally, people watch such videos and TV shows to be entertained, not educated, but what we watch does influence us. TV programmes of the calibre "Sex and the City" purports to be don't necessarily tell us things, but they do show us things; they paint a picture of what the ideal woman should be like. And keeping men of senior years on screen, but replacing mature women with younger versions, communicates the wrong message for more enlightened times.

We could say that "Sex and the City" ended because the women aged, and no one wanted it to deteriorate into "The Golden Girls" - but if the premise of being a woman is about being an object with a sell-by-date, then that is what you're going to get. For instance, the second wife to King Henry VIII of England, Anne Boleyn was known for her sexual shrewdness and getting her own way, but ultimately it backfired when she couldn't produce a male heir and was beheaded under the orders of the man once besotted by her.

Power through sex is illusory. A woman is more than her body, and yet a TV show in Denmark called "Blachman" makes for uncomfortable viewing, in which a woman is required to stand naked in front of fully-clothed men and to remain silent as those men talk about her body. There are no naked men, and no women judges, and the show feels wrong - even though there is no apparent criticism or sexual innuendo - simply because a woman is being judged in this way.

A person should not be scrutinised like this, man or woman, and some argue there's far too much obsession with our looks anyway, and shows like this just perpetuate this. Many cite Italy's "bimbo TV shows" that portray women as merely cosmetically perfect airheads. In Britain, Dimbleby suggests that a cultural shift is needed, and looking at British society, he is not far wrong.

Ageism against women exists in most industries. From openly displayed magazines showing naked and semi-naked images of women on our shop shelves that give girls (and boys) body issues, to violent porn on the internet, to the social stigma that still remains about a woman's sexual freedom.

To battle against these issues, there are now calls to close legal loopholes over "staged rape porn" because sexual violence as "entertainment" causes "huge cultural harm", while others are campaigning that it's time we stopped obsessing about our bodies. A British minister has gone so far as to advise parents not to tell their children they look beautiful, because it places too much emphasis on appearance and can lead to body confidence issues later in life. Children should be praised for a range of skills, not just on how they look.

This isn't just about over-sexualisation or sex, but how it leads to a culture of dominance of one gender over another. One example is the small ethnic group known as the Mosuo living in China, close to the border with Tibet. It's not easy to categorize Mosuo culture within traditional Western definitions, but they practise a matrilineal society. Although the women carry out what we would describe as traditional female roles of housework and the like, because they have greater sexual freedom as to choice of partner their status is considered on equal par with the male, if not higher.

Sexy lady in red shoesIn the West, however, the media bombards us constantly with sexualised imagery from a young age, awakening minds too soon, experts say, to the responsibilities that the choices (and stigma) consensual sex brings with it. For instance, the media still loves to divide women into virgins and vamps, which when misfortune befalls them either makes them less or more culpable in the eyes of society, showing how chauvinistic attitudes to women in crime still are. But women are not always victims. The world has changed. Women run countries, corporations - and they even run previously male-dominated mafia organisations. And lest we forget, across the globe the situation of women in times past and today in places like India and Pakistan are far, far worse.

Indeed - as much as I fear a world as envisioned by the EDL - I fear a society run by Islamic extremists that would try to murder a 15-year-old Pakistani girl simply because she wanted an education just as much. Extremists, whatever group they belong to, have many things in common - not least that their method of communication preaches hate, and hatred acknowledges no other authority or principle outside itself.

This is the major reason why we will always be unsuccessful at fighting extremism with extremism; to defend ourselves against extremism in all its forms it's not necessary to "speak their language", it just brings us down to their level, when we should be trying to bring them up to ours. It's about creating an environment where the shock and awe of violence is no longer an attractive commodity, either in the media, or in our own minds.

Choose your method of communication wisely

If we communicate things are bad, when they are not as bad as they seem, for a more sensationalist story, or we give more space to violent headlines, then we are communicating to others that would wish to have their voice heard, that this is the quickest way to grab the media's attention. The killers of Drummer Rigby did not run away, they waited around for people to take pictures and call the police. They wanted to be caught, because they wanted to send out a message. And even though we are more likely to be hit by car crossing the street than become a victim of terrorism, because such events are magnified under the lens of the media, we have begun to see a terrorist on every corner.

We have to start sending out the message that we won't listen to such forms of communication - communicating terror will not cow us, that is the message we have to send out to extremist groups that would want to impose their beliefs on others. If they have a valid view, then it needs to be communicated properly for it to gain validity.

No where is this more clear than in the current crisis which faces Syria. Fears are growing of a new foreign-fed arms face in that country after European Union countries agreed they could give weapons to rebels and Russia responded by revealing it is selling the governing regime sophisticated anti-aircraft missiles. Each development could significantly raise the fire-power in the two-year civil war that has already killed more than 70,000 people and sent hundreds of thousands fleeing the country.

It also comes as the United States and Russia are preparing for a major peace conference in Geneva that diplomats have called the best chance yet to end the bloodshed in Syria, even as the sabre-rattling is growing louder and many fear we will be pulled into yet another foreign bloodbath. Therefore, we need to chose our method of communication, and choose well, for it impacts on the message itself.

Everything in the world, everything invented, everything done is a form of communication. We can communicate with a gun as we can communicate with a speech - it just depends which one we give more weight to as a community. And the growing political and sectarian tension on our own streets - as well as across the world - is communicating to us in volumes about the current situation of our society, and the almost parallel universe of violence that is growing in our cities.

When I read about a mosque praised for serving tea and biscuits to EDL supporters after the far-right group arranged a demonstration there, I feel that this is our future. Violence destroys the enjoyment of everything, and it was a day that people tackled anger and hatred with peace and warmth to come out as winners. Rather than take advantage of moments of fear and terror to spread hatred and animosity, which would only further bigotry and segregation, people reached out with open hands and open hearts.

Therefore, it is important we choose wisely about how we communicate back, and what methods we use to take the form of that communication. Using labels for people in the media and in our minds like "gay" or "Muslim" only make matters worse, these identifiers have now become loaded with value judgements that are highly misrepresentative of the uniqueness of the individual - but worse than that, we give people something to identify with rather than with humanity as a whole, and ourselves a unique individual within it.

It is true humans are tribal by nature, we all want to belong to some group - but why can't that group be the entire human race? Why should something as skin pigmentation divide us? Or even something deeper than skin, as in our thoughts and beliefs?

Can we not create a society where we can freely communicate differing beliefs without having to kill, where we provide better channels for those disgruntled people wishing to voice their concern and any injustices believed to have been done either in their name or to them directly?

I have often been accused of being to idealist, but I believe that I am a pragmatist, because if we don't manage to create a society where we can air our grievances without taking sides, then nature will pull the plug on us.

Read more in this series: -1 -2 -4 -5 -6

Yours in love,

Mickie Kent

Saturday 25 May 2013

Three Ways to Master Love-1

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Attract your twin flame sex week

Sex is a word that catches our attention. We overuse it, abuse it, misunderstand it, manipulate it, and try to dominate it for personal gratification - and when we do any of these things, it invariably means we will end up not only harming others, but ourselves, too.

Sex used positively, however, can bring about change that boosts every aspect of our lives. On the evidence of the research out there, a convincing case can be made that both men and women are happier and perform better outside of the bedroom when they have an active, healthy love life within the framework of a trusting relationship. A trusting relationship seems key here. It's believed to act as a divining rod, capturing our sexual energies to ignite our mind, body and soul into life.

This is not new age nonsense. For centuries, various cultures have talked about purposely transforming our sexual drive, effectively harnessing its creative and productive energy to drive people to create, invent, build, or manifest greater mental and physical abilities usually in favour of progress and enhancing enlightenment. The discipline of tantra is founded on such principles, and a prime example of using sex for good.

Tantric sex and twin flames.

Psychologists have described this transformation or deflection of sexual energy into productive energy as sublimation. Sigmund Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity (indeed, of civilisation), allowing people to function normally in culturally acceptable ways.

Sex is a great motivator, but it's not only about a fuelling drive for life. It's also connected to our health and well-being. Like eating and exercise, good sex is also important for our well-being. It can impact on our physical health - sex can help you lose weight for example - and the health of our relationships. In turn, the foods we eat and how physically active we are can impact on our libido. We mustn't underestimate the importance of our diet, as the foods we eat can help us find the necessary balance for optimum emotional health.

How to be a healthy valentine.

Whether or not you are even interested in sex can tell you a lot about your health. If you've lost interest in sex, it could be a reflection of poor hormonal health, or a relationship out of balance. If your hormones are out of balance, your performance and enjoyment outside the bedroom will suffer, too. For example, orgasms are said to be better for the brain to boost its productivity more than any mental exercise might do. Orgasms for both men and women are proven at being better than crosswords to keep the mind young; sex, in short, makes us feel good.

When we look at these benefits, as evolution's tool for survival, sex seems to be more than just about procreation, and these "by-products" are becoming increasingly important in their own right as major influences on our emotional, physical and mental performances outside of the bedroom.

It has been said that nobody ever died of an erection, but for men and especially women attempting to address the reasons for their difficulties reaching orgasm, it can impact greatly on their lives outside of the bedroom. We often view orgasm as "the holy grail" of sexual pleasure, some nirvana that can only be obtained by the initiate, and thereby tend to ignore to our detriment the gradients of sexual pleasure and presence of physical being that can also be achieved with a trusting, loving partner. It can turn into a sexual gulf that grows between couples who are close in every other way.

Read how to forge stronger tantric connections.

A lack of desire and failure to reach orgasm are some of the most commonly cited sexual problems between partners, but is this really about a flagging libido? Sexual problems are rarely just about sex. At its heart it is a failure to communicate effectively - which is the underlying cause of most unfulfilled relationships. But if we open up and expand our sexual awareness to access greater ecstasy with our partner, we will expand our innate intuitiveness to allow the power of love to manifest in all areas of the union - including outside of the bedroom.

Often when we think of tantric sexual philosophy we mistakenly think of it as simply being techniques to help maximise (or slow down) a male's climb to climax to ensure the women he is coupled with comes to orgasm and is thereby "fulfilled". What tantra does, however, is to break down physical barriers, and aid effectively communication between loving partners, to come to the point where sex is not just about the act at all. Sex becomes just a means to an end, which is to communicate with your partner spiritually. Sexual pleasure and lengthy, drawn-out orgasms become just a (very welcome) by-product of that.

Read more about decoding orgasms.

It is when we come to this epiphany of understanding about how we need to experience more potency, pleasure and passion in our life, that the body works its magic. Your body will end up sweating more steadily, your heart beat becomes stronger, you'll feel certain sexual positions are more easy in the heat of passion, bringing with it a host of other amazing physiological changes that pretty much mean your body is healthier and firing on all cylinders. Plus, as already mentioned our sexual well-being and experience of orgasms are said to benefit our physiology in many ways to keep us healthy. Harnessing our sexual energies correctly is said to help us keep young, fit and mentally active - but its prime objective should be as a tool of communication between respected and trusting partners.

Mickie Kent on the harms of websexMickie Kent on the harms of websex

Mickie Kent on sex: "Can sex
with strangers harm us?"

The aim with great sex should be to communicate with your physical and mental being so as to speak to each other's spiritual being. This is why often we find that mindless sex - although physically can gratify, excite and titillate us - can leave many feeling empty and on a downer. Not to mention the ramifications of sexual diseases if we act irresponsibly during sex. We need to gain a mature responsibility towards our bodies, which requires wisdom and understanding that sex is more than just an act for procreation or physical gratification.

Is first date sex right for you?

I often say that when learning tantra, we can practice it without over philosophising (you don't need to learn the how to feel the pow, so to speak), because simply by practising tantra, we are actually obtaining knowledge, about ourselves and our loved ones. But delving deeper into why sex matters in long term relationships (or more importantly HOW it should matter) will inevitably add more power to that "pow". You'll come to realise sex is not simply about family planning, or quick pleasure, but about something much more fundamental than a physical dance of the sexes.

Like healing, sex is also very individual. When combined with tantra, it can be a path for us to find a connection to something - to find some meaning, some sense of purpose, some deeper expression of the love we are twinned with. Tantra, as the practice of this form of kundalini awakening is about a weaving and reweaving - an integrated process of awakening our dormant potential and feminine energies. It's believed that the fabric of life is made of such currents and cross-currents of energy that are woven together in a structured manner. As human beings, our energy structure gives us the broadest range of powers and privileges, and we therefore have a great responsibility to use them wisely.

Discussed in detail in the ancient tantric way of thinking for instance, man and woman are seen as two different poles of energy. Some say that a woman should keep her separateness, protect all her feminine qualities and purify them and in this way go according to her true nature towards enlightenment, while others believe these energies can exist in both genders, in complimentary amounts. A man might want to experiment with his feminine side (awakening his feminine energies) during sex with a prostate massage for example. It's all about making quality time to find out.

However, these days we generally like our philosophy plain - be it tantra or other forms of yoga or spiritual thought - without too many intangibles or hefty concepts such as soul or faith to weigh it down. We are too busy, caught in the middle of modern demands and wanting a more spiritual outlook on life. Who can find time between balancing a career, parenting (a maybe a few keep fit dance classes in between) to give over adequate time for an extended sex life?

This push and pull goes on constantly. At this moment you will find yourself caught between good and bad, pain and pleasure, success and failure, and it seems that one is more desirable than the other. When you try to understand if this is really true, you will come to see that these two seemingly opposing forces have a common goal: fulfilment and freedom. It's in this necessary push and pull of life, that we find meaning and purpose. They say that the loneliest people are the kindest, that the saddest people smile brightest and the most damaged people are the wisest. Similarly, it's the stresses of daily life that provide the very reason we should make time for the healing arms of sex with a loving partner.

As with anything we do in life, we need to put our whole heart faithfully into the practice of sex. We need to put our faith into sex. This is a more essential notion of faith rather than a religious or secular one. It's a faithfulness to put or place or to direct your mind towards your own spiritual truth. Acts of the heart take us beyond (or beneath) everyday thoughts and feelings. They ground us in the fundamentals of life - supplying us with direction, hope, and resilience. The way each of us lives out our lives reflects the nature of our faith.

Assemble these meanings and they tell you that faith blooms when the mind directs itself toward a deep-seated truth - a truth arising in your heart. Simply put, whatever we do in life, whether we sing, dance, love or make love, it should be done from the heart to engage the mind. It should be done with passion, towards the purposeful truth of connecting with who we really are and those we truly love.

Therefore, in this ground-breaking mini-series I'm going to share with you 15 ways we can master our sexual energies, by focusing on our emotions, our mind and of course our bodies under the guidance of centuries old tantric philosophy and recent scientific study. They will show us how to combine these synergies as a divining rod to help explore our own souls and act as a bridge to discover the soul we are twinned with, towards gaining mastery with tantra.

At this point it's wise to make a clarification that in using the word "master" I mean to understand, not to control or dominate, because that is open to abuse. We use tantra to foster greater mastery in mutual understanding, not to dominate or control another human being. The first two interconnected steps shared below and in part two are a good example of this: in that we need to employ the heart to engage the mind when coupling with our long term partner - because what arguably turns having sex into making love is the feeling of love itself.

1. The relationship between love and sex

When we talk about love and making love, it's true that the question of sex gets more intricate (and complex) as our emotions deepen, but we cannot harness any of the benefits of its energies without it. The point of tantra is that it kind of doesn't work with strangers.

Sure, you can wow them with your prowess in positions, body massage and extended ejaculations, but the deep sense of connection, awakening and weaving of energies between two entities bridged from the physical to the spiritual doesn't happen in one night - whichever way you stand, sit or lie down. Moreover, too many bad one night stands (however much we laud our sexual freedoms) can often end up with us becoming a tragic figure of our own making.

Yes, we are free to have no strings fun when we want instant gratification, and yes, we can procreate via the cold and clinical act of sex (we can even do this in a lab without needing the act itself) but harnessing our sexual energy for a greater awakening requires more than just the physical act itself. When it comes to great sex, therefore, love matters. Love is the most nourishing of all energies, because it has the ability to balance all the other energies through all its different expressions.

But does love, in fact, exist? Greater minds than mine have pontificated about the infinite nature of genuine love. It has formed the basis of many existential questions, such as what it means to be a human being, in a way that we can connect with. Some have likened love to a disease (as Plato has been attributed as saying), while 17th Century German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher regarded magnetism and love as branches of the same topic - attraction.

It's a central theme in our daily lives; defining the things we enjoy and changing the way we behave. Poets have swooned and singers have crooned over it since the invention of the written word - and we all seek out those people who make our hearts beat a little faster. And so love has travelled, from the science of attraction to it being declared a state of mind and chemical responses in the brain, described as an addiction with no rehab, a biological side-effect, and even called romantic fiction made up by the Persians towards the end of the first millennium. Others have drawn on the past 100 years of scientific discoveries into love to ask if can love be learned, or whether it's a built-in programme.

Yet, all come to the consensus that the more they know about it, the less they understand about love's true value. Whatever we think of love, whether it exists or not, will be codified by our social biases and experiences - but there is one thing that seems to hold true, without the concept of romantic love, sex can leave many of us cold. Love is a true balancer and harmoniser, and for us to harness the healing and performance boosting properties of our sexual energies, we need to turn sex into something deeper.

Men can orgasm without the need for this dimension to the act of lovemaking, but those orgasms, rather than being beneficial, are thought to be life-sapping rather than life enhancing, and the real benefit of orgasms come when women have many, and men have fewer but longer lasting forms of spiritual payback to the physical connections they make with their loved one and their own bodies.

But great sex is more than just about orgasms, and it is also more about the physical benefits we may construe from the positive act of lovemaking. It is more than just an evolutionary aid to the survival for our species, too. We have the science that says the workings of lust and attraction (and the hormones and chemical responses that fire off in the body and brain) are nature's way to make us available to the opposite sex for the driving evolutionary force that pushes the will of life to procreate, but what are the reasons we find love so addictive (over sex), to the point we can become blind with infatuation?

One research team, who measured and analysed love to evidence it as real thing, concluded that romantic love is in essence a goal-oriented motivation state rather than a specific emotion. In other words, individuals who are "in love" feel strongly motivated to be with their beloved because being with that person causes a high level of emotional (i.e., a neurobiological) reward.

It's no surprise to learn we want to be with the person we love because it feels good, but another study took things a step further, linking sexual desire to romantic love. This research examined brain activity while subjects were engaged in tasks like viewing pornographic photos, photos of their significant others, and non-pornographic photos of familiar but not beloved people and/or strangers. After pooling this data, the authors of the study were able to "map" exactly where and how both sexual desire and romantic love stimulate the brain.

As it turns out, sexual desire and romantic love both activate the striatum (the brain's pleasure centre), yet only romantic love (and not porn use) also activates the insula (the part of the brain that organises and makes sense of our emotions and social connections). Thus, the striatum is responsible for sexual desire and initial attraction, and the insula is responsible for transforming (giving value) to that desire, and turning it (potentially) into love. In other words, love is co-created by and "lives within" the striatum and the insula - inside our heads.

But whether sex and love resides in the head or the heart, the backers to such findings say they know for certain that love exists, not simply as a product of evolutionary glue, but as something that goes deeper to our very purpose of being.

And if love goes to giving us value or a purpose of being, how does having good sex enhance that? And what effect does it have on our brains, and our relationships? Are there secrets we can master to enhance our relationships? We shall look at these issues in the second part of this series, as we try to understand the importance of one of our most deepest of connections.

End of Part 1 | Read more in this series: (Coming in 2014)

Yours in (sexy) love,

Mickie Kent

Saturday 11 May 2013

Love is Communication-2

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The first part of this mini series of how we should conduct our communications in life ended with the love letter, and it stands as proof that written communication is one of humanities greatest achievements. There are some written dialogues that even sink into the public consciousness to stand the test of time.

Writing evolved over centuries, and yet today we take it for granted, because literacy is so high today in Western societies. We even believe that when something becomes so ubiquitous, it doesn't need words at all. But being too verbose can also get in the way of communication - it can even create an air of insincerity. Communicating doesn't always have to be with words. For example, you might find that sometimes too many words can get in the way of a relationship, while some relationships get in the choice of words you wish to use.

I don't think many of us realise the power our words can have on ourselves and others. When used the wrong way, words can cut so deep the scars may never heal. But words can also build unstoppable confidence and self esteem when they're used in a way right for you. So experts advise we should do ourselves a huge favour and watch our words and use them wisely. Whether you're speaking words to others or speaking them to yourself in the form of thoughts, somebody is always listening.

So your words are one of the most powerful tools you have in this life. And whether it's your health, your career, your family, or any area of your life, what you say determines how others (and you) "feel". Subsequently, we should be careful what we say and do because all of it comes back to you. Good or bad, however you perceive it, it's just how the world is wired.

Everything is about communication. If you say things that build people up and let them know they're loved - it can make their day. And over time, it can change lives. But if you're negative or down all the time, you'll just go backwards in life and take the people around you along for the ride. In such instances, word-negativity can obstruct communication, and such relationships can make communication difficult - and not only in couples, i.e., a father wanting the son to make good on his own unfulfilled dreams, the son defining himself by rejecting his father, with neither communicating these real issues that divide them, arguing instead on what might be ultimately superficial issues.

Arguably this also highlights the difference between the spoken and written word; what we can't say out loud we can often get out on to paper (or email) and thus some of us feel we can express our feelings more honestly in writing rather than through spoken dialogue. There is even evidence that love letters may improve and heal our minds, and often writing to ourselves in times of crisis may be beneficial. Some experts believe what we say to others is not nearly as important as what we say to ourselves.

All day, every day, our minds are flooded with thoughts that direct us to leading the lives that we live. This self talk determines our success, and our failures. If you want to make an improvement in any aspect of your life; whether related to health, fitness, career success or personal accomplishments, start by changing your self talk - you may be surprised to see what happens. What most people are unaware of is our self talk becomes instructions to our subconscious, whose duty is to carry out the "orders" given to it by the conscious area of our mind. The subconscious is our own personal servo-mechanism that works on our behalf 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Thus, writing yourself love letters may not be as hopeless as we might think. And even though verbal skills are essential for effective communication, writing a letter to explain the way you feel to a loved one can enhance a relationship. Even though the love letter may be a dying art form along with handwriting, we still write to our loved ones via electronic epistles.

10 old letter-writing tips that work for emails.

A very moving example of this is a moving love letter by the girlfriend of a French photographer killed in Syria. It was read out on BBC radio, where the presenter was so overcome by emotion that he fell silent on air for more than ten seconds after hearing the eulogy. After his lengthy pause following the reading of the poem, the presenter tried to continue with the weather with poignant sub-text: "cloudy across the entire UK, sunny spells are possible almost anywhere".

And so, too, is it with the words we communicate to one another, because as the proverb says, "death and life are in the power of the tongue". I've personally experienced the positivity of my own words, too, and as a result I truly believe that we need to become more aware of how important the art of communication is in our lives. This is why such a series is was worth sharing, and going back in history we can see that sharing our thoughts and feelings via the yo-yo effect of the love letter has long been a tradition that has been nurtured as an aid to self-depiction.

Communicating one's self in the old world

For the 17th Century, this back-and-forth exchange of love for love-letter writing Puritans meant their word was their bond. Living in the what was becoming the largest city in Europe, London was a hot bed of vice, theatre and prostitution, and Puritans working in the city with wives in the countryside, it was a test of their beliefs in a Godly family and community, and an intense personal devotion to God himself. Puritans of the time wanted to purify the Church of England and the country and rid it of its Roman Catholic past; they were interested in a new, clean and pure future, and London as a growing city of sin was worrisome to Puritans.

Love, however, was able to blossom through the exchange of letters, although it wasn't always easy to communicate. Things were not peaceful; through the 1620s Puritans came under increasing pressure to conform to what they hated - the new pro-ceremonial mainstream promoted by the bishops and at court. They felt strangers on Earth, but suck to their beliefs as the way to true reward, peace, comfort and contentment.

Before 1635, when the Royal Mail was opened up to everyone, there was no organised large-scale postal service. The way in which letters were carried throughout the 16th and 17th Century is often very ad hoc. Before the 1635 reforms and the English Civil War, the forms of address that people would use were often very vague. But by the end of the 17th Century, things were becoming more official, much more efficient, organised, regular and secure. The letter was becoming increasingly personal and private.

This shift is connected to the post and the changing nature of literacy, where people are able to put down on paper personal thoughts and emotions in a way that they hadn't done in the past. Some describe it as the birth of privacy, and one of the other things seen in this period is the rise of the love letter. The way in which individuals are articulating emotion in a way that they haven't previously. The private letter was a new type of vehicle for private emotion, and this makes for one of the most revelatory paradoxes of the century.

Because lovers could write to each other without fear of reserve in private, historians can see these people more clearly in their writings than almost anyone from any earlier time. It allows us to see even further into a world, which was expanding overseas. And what the letter could do for people in an expanding world is very apparent by 17th Century entrepreneurs, who tried to use writing to make their fortune.

In the West Indies, the English Caribbean was just opening, and the British had started to establish footholds on Barbados, Saint Kitts, Nevis and Montserrat. These would become the money pump at the heart of the British colonial empire, but early on they were a cockpit of frontier competition between young English, French and Dutchmen, all hungry to make their fortunes. These men knew they had to rely on their pens for their transatlantic enterprises to thrive.

This meant writing letters to summon help from home - to family and friends asking them to sponsor them financially until they made it rich; the formula was that communication plus investment (in something like tobacco) should equal cash. Early settlers in Barbados were quite successful in growing tobacco, and the demand back in London was huge. Both men and women were smoking it, partly as a stimulant, and partly as a medicine - even sick sheep in 17th Century Wiltshire are documented to have been given tobacco to perk them up.

Tobacco had been an exotic novelty in England since the previous century, first becoming available in England in 1573 and costing huge sums of money reflecting its exotic nature. In the BBC documentary "Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England", Dr Ian Mortimer notes:

Smoking polarises opinion in Elizabethan England - some people will assure you it has medicinal properties, but others aren't convinced. The Swiss traveller Thomas Planter noted in 1599 that the English loved to smoke, writing that it made them "riotous and merry and rather drowsy, just as if they were drunk though the effect soon passes - and they use it so abundantly because of the pleasure it gives. I am told the inside of one man's veins after death was found to be covered in soot just like a chimney". As well as being viewed as a dangerous vice and a health risk, smoking had its social detractors, too. Many believed that tobacco made your breath smell like the "piss of a fox".

In 1577, Dr John Dee, Welsh mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occultist, navigator, imperialist and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I suggests the establishment of a British Empire. Empire building in the New World continued in the 17th Century. Entrepreneurs back in the West Indies wanted to make much of this new world. Within the experience of the average 17th Century Englishman, it was different, challenging and a virgin place - a frontier society. And once the transition was made from tobacco to sugar, then the population literally exploded. From 6,000 males in the 1630s to a population of 70,000 in the 1650s, meant that families on both sides of the Atlantic were kept together by writing. It was a social bond between these divided parts. There was need to constantly inform each other about their situations.

Conversations that would have once taken place in homes now took the form of letters, In these stream of letters we can discover emblems of the puritanical frame of mind, words that are proper, godly, and serious, while right on the other end of the 17th Century English life are the tricksters and chancers that use writing for their own ends. These were the wild strain, were words and schemes poured out across great distances as they left to make their fortune, and where the powers of seduction and persuasion were their main currency in finding people to help them achieve their aim in grabbing the riches which transatlantic trade would deliver within a decade or two.

For both groups the written word was of equal use; in letters that were taking two and half months each way to cross the 4,000 miles of ocean that separated families and sponsors, many of the entrepreneurs that failed were typical of a certain type of 17th Century Englishman that is revealed in some of the correspondence of that time - those just edging into literacy, dependent on it for their life scheme, with their letters stretched across the width of the Atlantic.

The great 17th Century expansion which saw the literate English embrace the world ocean wasn't limited to the West Indies, however. Through the late 1620s devout Puritans were being increasingly marginalised in their own country, as Crown and Church turned against the Puritan way. As an escape route, in a movement that would bring great radical change, a small group of English Puritans crossed the Atlantic to settle in New England in 1600s. When we understand how this communicates to our modern world today, and the zealous, almost barbaric attitude Americans have towards what they see as "foreign" or "heathen", it begins to make some sense. The puritanical zeal of the American is being communicated in a very real way in modern times.

How distance made communication stronger

“There must be a beginning of any great matter, but the continuing unto the end until it thoroughly be finished yields the true glory.”
— Sir Francis Drake, Letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 17th May 1587

Back in the 17th Century, writing played a major part in the lives of people, and distance was a reason for that writing to increase - giving people a way to stay in touch, or to ask others for support. And in this expanding and increasingly literate world, these twin aspects of the 17th Century were intimately bound up with each other. Written communication allowed England's engagement with the world to stretch and swell. At the same time, accounts of the exotic and foreign deeply stimulated the English imagination.

Some historians say there is no piece of 17th Century writing which embodies that relationship more richly than the world-straddling seamen, and workers of huge shipping companies that became the first multinational corporations in the world, with their remarkable accounts of stories detailing ambitions fulfilled, and their taste for the exotic.

For instance, the East India Company was an English and later (from 1707) British joint-stock company formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent, North-west frontier province and Balochistan. In 1672, Britain went to war with the Dutch, fighting for the lucrative trade in all the valuable goods of the east - spices and silks, coffee and calico.

During this time, from the world of itinerant of working men that ballooned in the 17th Century, some began to write as public declarations, with an audience in mind; like many ancient mariners and foreign correspondents, these writers wanted to grab people back home by the collar and show them what they had gone through in strange, distant lands. For such people, their horizons had felt limited, and they had wanted a challenge in life. In the late 1650s, many feeling this way decided to leave the confines of their villages and see the world.

As London was accelerating into its late 17th Century boom, young people from all over the country entered the city of promise, where at its heart was a river - a route to the wider world. Some historians say there is a fascinating link; as the country expanded in its connections with the world, the people's own perceptions of themselves expanded along with it. Via ships, both Britain and its people could both go global. With a sense of adventure, people went to sea to see the world, and they reported back in their writings.

They literally had the whole world in their hands, and could go anywhere they liked, to Suriname, to Barbados, to New England, to the coast of Africa. Anything was possible, and that is what is different in that century. It is a kind of new world, ready to be grabbed, and many people set out on a career that embraced the world. By joining one of the boom businesses of the 17th Century, the global reach was extraordinary.

If not a trading company, people could join the navy. In 1603, the navy had only 41 ships and 8,000 sailors, but as the century drew to a close, those numbers had increased fivefold. The navy was a chance for a whole new scale of life for men, but there was no place for weakness. It was a place for strong men doing capable things, and as a reflection of the dangers of a life at sea, people could acquire dignity through the life of a sailor. The impressive nature of the world back then, and the equally impressive energies and enterprise of such people made their writings a hymn to adventure, and self-congratulation - the bigger they saw the world, the bigger they became themselves stuffed to over-brim with the marvellous things they have seen and captured in their writing.

Books such as these that came out were a measure of the multiple expansions going on in the 17th Century. Village boys became world citizens, from a frame of mind that once only knew cows and sheep to exotic animals, and literacy brought this world back home to its readers. And the people that could describe such a world made them men they could otherwise never have been. And it showed them a world they could have never otherwise have known.

It is a great statement as to the value and dignity of life, to be able to the climb the ladder to success, to see the world, and prosper because of it. But writing wasn't only there to record the century's global expansiveness, it also helped drive that expansion. By the 1660s, British trade across the Atlantic was expanding dramatically. Slaves from Africa, beef from Ireland, wine from Madeira, sugar from the Caribbean, all of that depended on a dense network of written words. Instructions, orders, receipts, commissions, complaints - and at the centre of that web, driving the expansion and deeply knowable, because their writing survives, were the networking businessmen, communicating every moment of the day. These obsessively corresponding international wheeler-dealers lived in a time when sugar, one of the great new stimulants of the century, would soon remake the world.

By 1670, the Caribbean was producing well over half of all the sugar consumed in England. This highly desirable commodity was about to create a new class of British sugar oligarchs, part of that group of aggressive Englishmen who were ruthlessly starting to make their fortune out of the sugar boom. Incredibly entrepreneurial, fiercely energetic, hungry for more, always on the make, these men's lives were devoted to one thing and one thing only - money. Fluently literate, these businessmen would become the writers of a vast compendium of demanding and imperious letters whose tone is completely unmistakable today. Urgent, businesslike, often furious, sometimes capable of a kind of commercial charm, but in the end, interested only in their own needs self-promotion and every-growing material wealth.

For such people, writing was the all-important tool. Its key quality was to convey information at a distance. Writing shrank distance and so made possible that new phenomenon, the transatlantic businessman. Their businesses relied on global commodities such as sugar, and sugar needed labour, and the place to get the place labour was Africa.

Their business relied on slaves, and from their writings there is no doubt that they thought of the trade in human beings as a completely straightforward commercial transaction. Such businesses like sugar, built on human blood and suffering became one of the most important of the 17th Century, and these businessmen were right at the heart of it. By 1684, there were over 46,000 African slaves in Barbados - more than the population of whites.

The dark side of communication

“That for which all virtue now is sold,
And almost every vice - almighty gold.”
Ben Jonson, "The Forest", 1616

This other, gruesome human dimension to this global expansion occasionally leaks out of the edges of what 17th Century correspondence remains today, but writing, essentially an instrument of power and control, remained the reserve of the whites. The landowners, the estate owners, were literate, bringing that literacy from England, but slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write. Their European owners meticulously documented them, however, and that's how we know what little we know about them today.

The writings reveal a brutal world. Punishments would range from castration on one hand to perhaps mild mutilation on the other hand. Hands, fingers, noses and ears cut off, some with feet cut off in extreme cases. And then you have stories of slave workers being buried up to their necks in the ground in an ants' nest and the ants being allowed to literally eat them alive by pouring molasses or treacle on them.

In law in the Caribbean, slaves were defined as property. They are not quite people, they are belongings; in that time in people's wills slaves were even listed as part of the estate, along with its furniture, paintings, prints, the books and the boats. In some cases you find references to slaves and other stock, which would have been cows, sheep, horses and goats. This also shows that the basic need for writing in these circumstances was economic. You need to keep records. You need to look after your business, and know whether you're making a profit. The literacy of their society was based on the tenement that cash is king.

Indeed money drove the appetite for discovery in their century, and the previous "Golden Age" of the Elizabethan era. In the 1550s, adventurer John Hawkins embarked on a revolutionary moneymaking venture. He began to sell slaves from Africa to the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. His voyage was such a success that Queen Elizabeth invested in his following expedition. What seems to us to be a completely immoral business was not an issue for ambitious Englishmen eager to exploit their new world.

Perhaps the most famous adventurer of them all was Sir Francis Drake, who is the very embodiment of an Elizabethan self-made man. From humble beginnings in Devon, he rises to become one of the richest and most celebrated men in the kingdom. In 1577, he set out in command of a fleet of five ships with 200 men. Three years later, having sailed round the world, he returned with just one ship and 56 men - but a mountain of treasure.

Drake was a privateer, a state-sanctioned pirate with his famous flagship the Golden Hinde. On his voyage around the world, he extended English knowledge of the Pacific Ocean and beyond, but he also plundered as much as he could. No one knows exactly how much he brought back from the ships and ports he attacked, but the Spanish - from whom he stole most of it - estimated his loot was worth £600,000 - roughly twice the English government's annual revenue. With stolen Spanish gold, Drake the lowly provincial bought himself a place at the top of Elizabethan society - and became one of the most famous men of his age.

Most Englishmen basked in Drake's glory, who shared his fortune with the Crown for which he was knighted. Through sheer determination and reckless courage, Drake manages to steal and fight his way into the upper echelons of Elizabethan society. His knighthood was recognition by the establishment that men like Drake was the key to England's future - but such exploration had also awoken a darker side to human nature.

Before the slaving expeditions of the 1560s, there were only a handful of black men and women in England, but by 1596, the numbers rose to such an extent that the Queen orders the deportation of as many as possible on the grounds that there are too many unemployed people in the country. Sounding like something from British society today, those that remained experienced a rising tide of racism, as once curious attitudes turned hostile.

In Shakespeare's "Titus Andronicus", a black character is described in delighting in rape and murder. And in Reginald Scott's "Discovery of Witchcraft", it's even claimed that the devil himself has black skin. The majority of black men and women were to be found serving in the houses of the powerful and in ports, especially London and Plymouth. Money had brought them over, money had abused them - some records also show that rich men were lending out their black servants to friends and neighbours for sexual novelty and experimentation.

This is not to say that money per se is "evil", but rather as modern times show, we have shifted the focus on money itself and its accumulation, rather than seeing money as just a means for greater things. Money has to serve, not to rule. Money in itself is not important, it's what we do with the potential that income allows that really matters. Money isn't everything, and yet as history shows us, it's the energy for which people kill each other and expend so much sweat and blood to survive until the end comes.

Read how to generate wealth.

Especially when you're constantly bombarded with advertising, living in a very consumerist society and being brainwashed into thinking you need the best of everything to be happy, a lack of money can leave even the most optimistic person depressed. It can also cause social alienation, and in modern societies, some of us use money as though it could buy us bragging rights, or to project ourselves in a flamboyant way - which traditionally in cultures past has been frowned upon, but which are now shifting towards the view that we should be working hard to "win" money rather than people.

It's about becoming who you are, not just what you own. When we make money such a central issue in our day-to-day living, we see profit margins as the important lines drawn across our lives. We begin to see other people as commodities, and disseminate them in terms of profitability and monetary value, rather than look at them as a priceless whole that offers value to enrich our lives in ways no money can buy.

Back in the 17th Century, there was profit in slaving, and profit in sugar, and thanks to expanding businesses, London was fast becoming the world's greatest metropolis, the exchanging centre of this word web. The city couldn't have been more different than the Caribbean, for the real secret of Caribbean moneymaking in the city was fingers in pies. And the place where the pies were made was London. And again it was all down to communication.

Writing allowed businessmen to conduct their business across the transatlantic, but with each letter taking four months to get a reply, the level of stress was overwhelming. Businessmen were finding it difficult to keep up with the London pace, and people were making use of all ingenious means to defraud each other. Anxious letters written at the time are a measure of just how difficult it was to run a 17th Century transatlantic network.

Geography had expanded to the point where communication had become almost impossible. Only the size of the profits could have made such a pressurized life tolerable. The vision of their life was that they had a world of business to do, one in which their businesses had expanded to embrace an ocean. And as a product of that tautened and strained world there's one modern quality that emerges which emerges from every page of correspondence from 17th Century businessmen - stress.

Read about natural stress-busters.

This was the beginning of modern working life as we know it, emerging out of the capital city, which grew remarkably fast in the course of the 17th Century. From a city of 200,000 in 1600, London grew to 575,000 by the end of the century - more than doubling and nearly tripling in 100 years. Overtaking Paris in around 1660, it became the largest city in western Europe. Experts say the reason for this fast boom numbered two things - being a capital city with a port. The key commodities for the Atlantic trades were tobacco and sugar, and there were enormous increases in the imports of those commodities. It was estimated that there was enough tobacco there for half the population to consume half a pipe of tobacco a day.

As a result of this new business, London became a more diverse and vibrant place, a hubbub of different voices from different corners of the world. The Royal Exchange was described as early as 1607 as like a babel, with so many different voices. There's an engraving of the Exchange in the 1640s done by Wenceslaus Hollar in which we can see Ottoman Turks clearly visible with their silk head wear and Muscovites with their fur hats. Historians say there was a type of vitality, a real buzz in the Exchange because of it.

Entrepreneurs were at the centre of that buzz, and money was running in their blood. But the boundaries between legitimate and illegitimate trade were completely blurred. Everyone was on the make, it seemed, and it was expected they would be. At least half of English overseas trade came from smuggling. Anything from wool and wine to spirits and fine linen. And the transatlantic letter connections of the businessmen provided the perfect set up for some deeply profitable black market shenanigans.

Deliberately smoky and complicated schemes designed to throw the authorities off the track were hatched via written correspondence; deals were arranged across the Atlantic to smuggle goods across to the Caribbean to make money, and vice versa. The monies gambled in these exploits were in for profits, and it was a minor triumph for the world of the letter. Only by arranging it all in advance, with agents and co-smugglers across different countries could the authorities be tricked so cleverly, slipping through the cracks of already existing legal networks.

This shadowy side of communication where people use their own argot for clandestine motives, in a way, is a kind of emblem of the modern world. International contraband, officials making money out of their knowledge of the way the system works, and to do it with the world's most advanced information technology of the century, the letter. All the anxiety that came off the communications of businessmen were either funnelled into coffers, or given out in great losses, but the ones that succeeded became what they had always wanted to be - rich enough to retire early.

What is most clear is that neither the riches nor 17th Century business would have been possible without the letter as a mode of communication. This was global success built on words, not as a vehicle for poetry or philosophy, but as a way of squeezing money our of an increasingly juicy world. Entrepreneurial colonial merchants were the engine of the Atlantic trade, high on blood sugar. And there's a straightforward connection between African slaves, growing and selling sugar, the development of London as a global entrepôt, and the creation of the British empire. None of it would have happened, unless the businessmen had a quill in their hands, illustrating the importance of communication and how, in a very real sense, the empire of the British was founded on ink and paper.

And today although we have moved away from the physical material of ink and paper to an extent, we are still communicating with words, and like people of the past centuries, we are still struggling to find a balance between living and making a living. If few find fulfilment in their everyday lives, it's because there are always a thousand ways to get bogged down in one's own misfortune. A lack of communication enhances this, because unless we can communicate sufficiently internally and externally, such issues will always arise.

Imagine all the years that still lie ahead of you, and imagine spending them just like you did all the ones that came before. Then, imagine how you would feel should you manage to just be yourself, to live a successful life, not in the image you project or communicate for the rest of the world, but just in the one you want for yourself. This also shows that correct communication requires courage, because what holds us back is our habits, our comfort, the fear of risk, the fear of failure. But loving communication will also force us to ask ourselves what happened to put us into the position we find ourselves today.

In taking stock of our situation, all of us together, need to steel our determination to eliminate all forms of extreme miscommunication and speculation about each other, and thus one day manage to live, at last, in a world of peace, a world of respect and preservation of all living things, a world where joy will be the only value worth sharing. And if we continue to communicate with love, that day is not so far off.

Read more in this series: -1 -3 -4 -5 -6

Yours in love,

Mickie Kent